The demand curve shows the relationship between price and quantity demanded and is one of the most basic and important tools for analyzing consumer’s side of the market.
Price Competition
In price competition, the firm’s try to capture the market by lowering the price since lower price will increase demand. Hence firms try to beat each other in prices. Consumers usually shift to the lowest priced brand hence price competitors will usually have prices very near to each other.
Non – Price Competition
In Non -Price Competition firms try to increase sales and market share by competing with rivals in areas like branding and advertising.
The firm builds loyalty towards the brand by emphasizing product features, service, quality etc. The firm make sure that the consumer must be able to distinguish brand through unique product features and perceive the differences in brands and view them as desirable .Another form of non-price competition is patents through which the firm makes it difficult for competitors to emulate the differences between firms and there product. The firm tries to eliminate its price difference with its competitors through non-price competition, where by it off-sets the price difference by the perceived benefits of its product.
P
0 QTY
Demand Curve for two different brands of the same product
The above picture shows the demand curve of two competing firms where one firm’s demand curve is shifted out to the right by stressing distinctive attributes, hence consumers perceive and desire particular attributes thereby having a greater demand for one firms product at the same prices.
Example which differentiate Price and Non- Price Competition
For instance, two restaurants selling the same kind of cuisine and located right next to each other will have very similar or may be exactly same prices on their Menu Cards. Hence, these restaurants are engaging in price competition. Since they are selling exactly the same cuisine and are located right next to each other, if one price to charge the higher than the other it will lose all its customers. This is a form of price competition.
Get Help With Your Essay
If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help!
Now consider two restaurants selling totally different kind of cuisines. One is a Chinese restaurant and the other is a Greek Restaurants, then we can expect that even if both are situated right next to each other they might be charging totally different prices for their food and still getting customers. This is a case of non-price competition because each restaurant has its own differentiated product that it can afford to sell at a different price and still get customers.
Product Development
It basically focuses on creating a good brand image. Non-price competition typically involves promotional expenditures, (such as advertising, selling staff, the locations convenience, sales promotions, coupons, special orders, or free gifts), marketing research, new product development, and brand management costs.
Competition
In economic analysis, the most important indicator of the degree of competition is the ability of firms to control the price and use it as a competitive weapon.
Perfect Competition
In perfect competition there are many sellers offering the same product hence an individual firm has virtually no control over the price of its product. That is they all are price takers.
Perfect competition is a theoretical market structure. It is primarily used as a benchmark against which other market structures are compared. The industry that best reflects perfect competition in real life is the agricultural industry.
Monopoly
In Monopoly a firm has all the market power because it the only seller in this type of market. It has the power to establish the price at whatever level it wants, subject to possible constraints such as government regulation. It’s the consummate price maker.
In perfect competition and monopoly, there is neither price competition nor non- price competition.
Monopolistic Competition
It is that market form which is a form of imperfect competition as producers competing each other and selling products that are differentiated from one another (means products are not exactly similar, they are the substitutes).In this type of competition firms can behave like monopolies with respect to their own product and use the market power to generate profit. Eventually in Monopolistically competitive markets other firms enter the market and the benefits of differentiation decrease with competition; the market becomes more like perfect competition where firms cannot gain economic profit. Some examples of industries in market under monopolistic competition include restaurants, cereal, clothing, shoes, and service industries in large cities.
In Monopolistic competition the market situation could be both Price and Non- Price Competition .An example Nokia sells its Music Express phones in slightly higher price than the other music phones of other companies because of its differentiated features.
Oligolopoly
Oligopoly is a market situation in which there are only a few sellers (of products that can be differentiated but not to any great extent); each seller has a high percentage of the market and cannot afford to ignore the actions of the others.
In some situations, the firms may employ restrictive trade practices (collusion, market sharing etc.) to raise prices and restrict production in much the same way as a monopoly. There can be price and non-price competition in oligopoly. For example: In the Indian market petrol pumps is an example of oligopoly.
Elasticity
In economics, elasticity is the ratio of the percent change in one variable to the percent change in another variable. It is a tool for measuring the responsiveness of a function to changes in parameters in a unit-less way. In addition to the price and non-price competition, the demand for product depends on elasticity of demand. There are three types of Elasticity’s which could affect market demand from the consumer’s side. These are:
– Own Price Elasticity,
– Income Price Elasticity,
– Cross Price Elasticity.
Own Price Elasticity
Own price Elasticity is the percentage in price of that particular good to the percentage change in quantity demand of that good, other factor remaining same. Higher the value of elasticity of demand more responsive is the quantity demand to the change in price.
OPed = % change in price of good / % change in quantity demand of that good
In own price if elasticity is greater than 1 demand is said to be elastic; if between zero and one demand is inelastic and if it is equals to one, demand is unit-elastic.
Income elasticity of demand
The income price elasticity is calculated as the percentage change in the quantity demanded due to the percentage change in its income. Higher the value of elasticity, more responsive is the responsive is quantity demanded to the change in income.
IPed = % change in price of income / % change in income
Income elasticity measures whether a good is a normal or an inferior good. When income elasticity is positive, product considered as normal good, because if income rises people will purchase more product. Hence, it is positive. On the other hand in case of inferior good with the increase in income causes people will purchase less product, hence it is negative.
Cross price elasticity of demand
The cross price elasticity is calculated as the percentage change in the quantity demanded of quantity demanded by the percentage change in the price of some other good. Higher the value of elasticity, more responsive is the quantity demanded to the change in price.
CPed = % change in quantity demand of one good / % change in price of other good
Cross price elasticity is complementary when consumer shift to other product due to increase in price. Hence, it is negative. For example: If price of petrol increases consumer will purchase less number of cars.
According to the total expenditure method;
Ep <1
Price of X increases then the expenditure on X increases . Thus the expenditure and demand on Y decreases. Cross price elasticity of X and Y i s negative, therefore they are compliments.
Now Taking Ep>1…we can find out the relation of substitutes.
Therefore own price and cross price elasticity is not totally independent of one another.
Ans 2
In shop name “All Needs” which is mini Vishal mega mart, i went through the shampoo section of that shop, where i observe how the arrangement of Shampoos is done. The first thing one notice when they enter the shampoo section are the most commonly used shampoos like Fructis, Sunsilk, Clinic Plus, Clinic All Clear, Pantene, Baby Johnsons & Johnsons Shampoo, Head & Shoulders. L’Oreal has its own separate section. The high price shampoos like Vela, L’Oreal are placed at the uppermost section .There was a separate section of Anti-Dandruff Shampoos of mixed brands .The conditioner and other least used shampoos like Sesa, Ayur, Vatika, Medicare, Halo were displayed at the lower section. Shampoo Sachets and small bottles were displayed at the lowest section.
Find Out How UKEssays.com Can Help You!
Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs.
View our academic writing services
Retailers’ has focus on the needs of the consumer and accordingly displayed shampoos. They figured out that men demand fragrance, kids demand fragrance and bubbles, middle income section demands normal brands like Sunsilk, All Clear, Head & Shoulders which are easily affordable and last long. Low income people generally demand Sachets of shampoos or Herbal shampoo like Himalaya, Chik, Ayur. High income people demand shampoos like L’Oreal, Wella.
Accordingly Retailer of ‘All Needs’ have arranged the shampoos in the following manner:
” Upper segment is focused on upper class people and joint family, where 1st they have arranged L’Oreal and then Wella, then 700ml and 400ml bottles of Dove, Head & Shoulders, Sunsilk ,Elvie.
Middle Segment is focused on middle class people where they have mostly displayed 200ml, 300ml bottles of Clinic Plus, Sunsilk, Fructis, Himalaya.
There is 1 separate segment of Anti-dandruff shampoos of all brands like Head & Shoulders, Clinic All Clear,Dove Anti-Dandruff. This could be placed either at upper segment or at middle segment.
Mixed Segment focus on lower class section where mostly cheap and easily affordable shampoos are displayed which is easily affordable to all tough does not carry good quality. These shampoos are like all shampoo sachets and easily affordable shampoo like Vatika, Clinic Plus, Chik , Herbal Shampoos like Aloe-Vera , Ayur , Dabur health shampoo.
After analyzing the nature of the market, I have observed that people of high income class mostly prefer to purchase L’Oreal, Joint family purchase 400ml-700ml of Dove, Head & Shoulders, Sunsilk, and Clinic Plus. Middle income Class people mostly purchase 200ml-300ml bottles of Pantene, Dove, Sunsilk, Clinic All Clear, Fructis. Low income class people mostly purchase sachets of shampoos and 100ml -200ml bottle of Chik, Ayur.
Hence according to me there is some level of income, price and cross price elasticity in shampoo demand. Therefore the sellers are taking all of these into account when determining what to produce and how to sell it. For example: low income class will probably have more income sensitive demand and hence the producers have come out with sachets and low price – high volume products. High income people on the other hand probably do not care about the price instead they care about the product features, hence the sellers are probably trying to differentiate themselves on the basis of the product features in this segment.
Pricing strategy
There is intense price and non-price competition in the shampoo market. If we look at the two major rival companies namely HUL and P&G we notice the trend that these two companies have been engaging in intense price competition. The following is an excerpt from a newspaper article:
“”WITH the price war in the FMCG industry intensifying further, Procter and Gamble (P&G) India on Thursday announced that it has slashed the prices of its popular Pantene range of shampoos by 16 per cent.
An example of price competition between firms in shampoo market of similar product . It aims to capture large market share of the market. In case of non-price competition, companies spent a huge amount of money on advertisements as well as product development. Thus we have advertisements where famous people like movie stars claim that using a certain shampoo has benefitted their hair immensely. For Example: Bollywood Television actresses Shilpa Shetty and Neha Dupiya using New advanced’ Pantene Pro V’; Asin Thottumka and Bipasha Basu for ‘Clinic Al Clear – Anti – Dranduff Shampoo’.
Current Market Position
The current shampoo market in India is worth Rs.930crore . The shampoo penetration is 40% for urban and 10% for rural markets. There is a lot of competition possibility in this market due to the huge untapped market.
The Top Companies of Shampoos in India are Hindustan Uniliver Ltd., ITC (Indian Tobacco Company, Dabar India , Paras, P&G, Himalaya,L’Oreal Paris. The Top Shampoo brands are:
‘Normal Shampoos – Clinic Plus , Chik, Dove, Fiama D’wills’.
‘Herbal Shampoos – Ayush, Dabar Vatika, Nyle, Ayur, Himalaya’.
‘Anti-Dandruff Shampoos – Clinic All Clear, Head & Shoulders, Dabar Vatika ADVANCE’
‘Premium Shampoos – Revlon Flex, L’Oreal, Wella’
Conclusion
According to my analysis shampoo market is a monopolistic competition where in market competition many competing producers sell products that are differentiated from one another both in terms of price and brands. If there are more substitute of shampoos it is more elastic. In this all products are differentiated in some ways, thus the firm will only be able to sell extra output by lowering the price. In physical differences of shampoos it could differ in color, scent, thickness, bottle design and lathering ability.
Hence each firm has its own customers (by establishing some consumer loyalty), modest change in the output price of any single firm has no perceptible influence on the sales of any other firm, i.e. one firm can raise price without losing all customers . Therefore, in addition to price competition there is non-price competition. Shampoo makers have every incentive to seek out and provide only the features that consumers are really willing to pay for. By advertising it attracts people towards their product.
Cite This Work
To export a reference to this article please select a referencing style below:
